Urinalysis

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Urine Color

Urine is normally pale yellow to amber. Abnormal or unusual colors include:

Color		Significance
	Black	Alkaptonuria
	Port wine	Porphyrins Methemoglobin Hemoglobin Lysol poisoning
	Red-Brown	Hemoglobinuria Blood Myoglobinuria Porphyrins
	Red	Eating beets Cascara and Senna laxatives Phenazopyridine ingestion
	Orange	Concentrated urine Small amounts of bile Phenazopyridine ingestion Oral anticoagulants Ethoxazene Chlorzoxazone
	Yellow-Brown	Bilirubin Sulfonamides Nitrofurantoin
	Yellow-Green	Bilirubin Pseudomonas
	Green-Blue	Methylene blue Amitriptyline
	Smoky	Blood

Normal Values*

Color	Pale yellow to amber
Turbidity	Clear to slightly hazy
Specific Gravity	1.015 to 1.025
pH	4.5-8.0
Glucose	Negative
Ketones	Negative
Blood	Negative
Protein	Negative
Bilirubin	Negative
Urobilinogen	0.1-1.0
Nitrate for bacteria	Negative
Leukocyte esterase	Negative
Casts	Negative
Red blood cells	Negative
Crystals	Negative
White blood cells	Negative/Rare
Epithelial cells	Few

*These are general values taken from a variety of sources. The actual normal values may vary from lab to lab and from one type of testing protocol to another.

Source: Operational Medicine 2001, Health Care in Military Settings, NAVMED P-5139, May 1, 2001, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Department of the Navy, 2300 E Street NW, Washington, D.C., 20372-5300

Laboratory Tests

Urinalysis